Nutritional Status in Children with Cyanotic and Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59585/bajik.v5i1.1817Keywords:
Congenital Heart Disease, Nutritional Status, Cyanotic, Asianotic, MalnutritionAbstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is frequently associated with impaired growth and malnutrition in children. However, whether nutritional status differs consistently between cyanotic and acyanotic CHD remains uncertain. This systematic literature review aimed to evaluate and compare the nutritional status of children with cyanotic and acyanotic CHD. The review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 framework. Literature was identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Garuda, focusing on pediatric CHD and nutritional status assessed using standard anthropometric indicators and Z-scores. The included evidence showed a high prevalence of nutritional impairment among children with CHD, but comparative findings were heterogeneous. Several studies reported poorer nutritional outcomes among children with cyanotic CHD, whereas other studies found no significant difference or higher malnutrition prevalence among children with acyanotic CHD. Overall, nutritional status appears to be influenced not only by cyanotic status but also by hemodynamic severity, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, age, and feeding-related factors. Routine nutritional assessment and early, individualized nutritional support should therefore be integrated into comprehensive pediatric CHD care.
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