Sistem Pertahanan Udara Berlapis: Tinjauan Konseptual Integrasi Radar, Rudal, dan Alutsista dalam Memperkuat Kedaulatan Dirgantara Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia's vast archipelagic airspace and increasingly complex aerial threats, ranging from conventional fighter aircraft to cruise and ballistic missiles, unmanned aerial systems, and electronic warfare, demand a robust, multi-layered air defense architecture. This article conceptually examines the layered air defense system, comprising point, terminal, and area defense, employed by the Indonesian Air Force, focusing on the integration of radar, surface-to-air missiles, and supporting defense equipment within the emerging Integrated Air and Missile Defense paradigm. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review, this study synthesizes more than twenty scholarly, doctrinal, and institutional sources. Findings indicate that Indonesia's layered air defense has evolved from the historic SAM-75 system to the NASAMS medium-range missile system, supported by a national radar network integrated through Military Civil Coordination and air traffic service centers. However, implementation faces persistent challenges, including radar blank spots, aging technology, import dependency, budget constraints, and limited electronic-warfare-trained personnel. The Indonesian Air Force's Sishanudnas “Cakra” initiative represents a strategic response integrating sensors, electromagnetic warfare, cyber-space defense, and multi-domain platforms. This study recommends accelerating radar modernization, diversifying missile procurement, and strengthening civil-military coordination to achieve a credible, sovereign layered air defense.