Tata Kelola Keamanan Sepak Bola Indonesia: Dari Pendekatan Represif Menuju Kemitraan dengan Suporter

Abstract

Match-day security remains one of the most persistent structural problems in Indonesian football, illustrated by the Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy of 1 October 2022, which claimed more than 130 lives. This article analyses Indonesia's football security governance across three dimensions: the regulatory and institutional framework, crowd psychology and supporter violence, and the position of supporters within the security ecosystem. Using a qualitative descriptive library research method, the study examines official investigation reports, FIFA regulations, police regulations, and national and international academic literature. The findings show that the crisis stems not merely from supporter behaviour, but from weak regulatory synchronisation, the absence of evidence-based crowd management, and the lack of formal partnership with supporter organisations. Comparison with England's post-Hillsborough reform and Japan's supporter model shows that sustainable reform requires shifting from a repressive approach toward a participatory partnership with supporters. The article recommends stricter stadium verification, regulatory harmonisation, and the institutionalisation of official supporter organisations.