Analysis of Age and Gender Factors on the Incidence Rate of Cataracts in the Ophthalmology Clinic

Cataracts are a cause of blindness which accounts for approximately half of all blindness in the world, especially in developing countries. The mechanism of cataract formation is highly multifactorial. Loss of transparency in the nucleus and cortex of the lens of the eye can occur as a result of oxidation of membrane lipids, structural or enzymatic proteins by peroxides or free radicals induced by UV light. Other factors that can cause cataract formation are degenerative processes and diabetes mellitus). Cataract therapy is a surgical procedure by removing the cloudy lens, because no medical therapy has been proven to remove cataracts in adults. There are many methods that can be done with surgery for cataract patients. One of them is phacoemulsification, which is a cataract surgery using a small incision method. In this technique, liquefaction of the lens is made using an ultrasound probe that is inserted through an incision in the cornea or anterior sclera. This study aims to determine the relationship between age and gender with the incidence of cataracts at the Eye Polyclinic Outpatient Installation in 2022. This is a retrospective analytic study by examining data in the Recamedics Department. The data is grouped by age, sex and type of cataracts. There were 197 patients who came to the eye polyclinic in July 2022. From the results of the study, 197 people suffered from cataracts with a percentage of 88 men (45%) and 109 women (55%) and the age group that suffered the most from cataracts was the age group 53-68 years and the most common cataracts were senile cataract. Analysis of the relationship between age and gender with the incidence of cataracts in the Outpatient Installation (Poly Eyes) for the period of July 2022 obtained a value for the relationship between age and the incidence of cataracts P = 0.846 and the relationship between sex and the incidence of cataracts P = 0.01. Conclusion: In this study there is a significant relationship between gender and the incidence of cataracts and there is no relationship between age and the incidence of cataracts.


Introduction
According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) there is an increase in new cataract patients of around 2 million each year (Khan et al, 2010; Gogate 2 et al., 2014).Residents in Indonesia have a tendency to suffer from cataracts 15 years earlier than residents in sub-tropical regions, causing the prevalence of cataracts in Indonesia to be still high according to the 2013 Riskesdas.
In 2014, a study was conducted on differences in visual acuity after phacoemulsification surgery in senile cataract patients with diabetes mellitus and without diabetes mellitus with the result that patients without diabetes mellitus had better postoperative visual acuity (Purnaningrum, 2014).In the same year, a study was conducted on Clear Corneal Incision in Cataract Surgery by Al Mahmood with the results of visual recovery after cataract surgery, the phacoemulsification method, the corneal incision technique, was slower than the scleral incision because the cornea is an avascular tissue (Al Mahmood, 2014).
In 2013, a study was conducted on a comparison of the success rate of visual acuity after cataract surgery between the extracapsular method and the phacoemulsification method with 70% better results with the phacoemulsification method (Ramadhani, 2013).Based on various studies on post-cataract surgery using the phacoemulsification method, there has been no study that examines differences in the length of visual recovery in patients with post-cataract surgery using the phacoemulsification method of corneal and limbal incision techniques.So it is necessary to do research on differences in visual recovery time in postoperative cataract patients using the phacoemulsification method of corneal incisions and limbal incisions.highest in Southeast Asia, which is 1.5%, while the blindness rate in Indonesia is third in the world, which is 1.47%.

Research Method
Design This study used a retrospective analytical study with a cross-sectional design and examined data from the Medical Records Department of the eye polyclinic, when this study was conducted in September -November 2022.Population All cataract patients who come for treatment at the eye polyclinic.

Results And Discussions
a. Result 1) Gender  From the data obtained based on the results of research conducted according to the sex of the sufferer, it was found that the female sex was the most common case, namely 109 (55.3%) while the male was 88 (44.6%).
Based on the table above, it can be seen that of the 197 patients who were sampled, 109 people (55.3%) were female sufferers, while 88 patients (44.6%) were male..

Gender -0.01 Cataract Incidence Rate
The basis for decision making in the Chi Square Test is done by looking at the output value of the "Chi-Square Test" above.In making decisions we can compare the value of Asymp.Sig with a critical limit of 0.05.a) If the value of Asymp.Sig p = <0.05,then there is a significant relationship.b) If the value of Asymp.Sig p = > 0.05, then there is no significant relationship.In this test the following hypothesis is used: H0 : There is no significant relationship between gender and Cataract Incidence.
Ha : There is a significant relationship between gender and Cataract Incidence.f) Based on the results of the chi-square statistical test between sex and cataracts, the value of p = 0.01 where the Asym.Sig value <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between gender and the incidence of cataracts.

Statistical results in the
g) Based on the results of the chi-square statistical test between age and cataracts, the value of p = 0.846 where the value of Asym.Sig > 0.05.
It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between gender and the incidence of cataracts.

Compliance with ethical standards
International Journal of Health Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

From
various Cross Sectional Studies, the prevalence of cataracts in individuals aged 65-74 years is 50%, this prevalence increases to 70% in individuals over 75 years.The Beaver Dam Eye Study also found that around 38.8% of men and 45.9% of women over the age of 74 had cataracts.The blindness rate caused by cataracts in Indonesia is the International Journal of Health Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Publish : Association of Indonesian Teachers and Lecturers International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) Journal Homepage : https://jurnal.agdosi.com/index.php/IJHS/indexVolume 1 | Number 3 | September 2023 |

Publish:
Association of Indonesian Teachers and Lecturers International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) Journal Homepage : https://jurnal.agdosi.com/index.php/IJHS/indexVolume 1 | Number 3 | September 2023 | b. Discussion Based on the time of the research conducted during the period September -November 2022 using retrospective analysis at the eye polyclinic and the medical record section of the eye polyclinic, 197 cataract patients came for treatment at the eye polyclinic.

Table 2 Frequency distribution of respondents based on age in outpatient Installations (Eye Polyclinic). International
Journal of Health Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Chi-Square Test table show an Asymp.Sig number with a magnitude of 0.01.because the value is 0.01 <0.05, there is a significant relationship between Gender and Cataract Incidence.H0 rejected Ha accepted.Based on the results of retrospective analytical research at the Eye Clinic Polyclinic and the Medical Records Section at the EYE POLYCLINIC for the International Journal of Health Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Age.Year of Genesis Cross tabulation Count International Journal of Health Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 4. Conclusion a) e) Of the 197 cataract patients who came for treatment at the Ophthalmology Clinicfor the period September-November 2022, the type of cataract that was most frequently found was the Senile cataract, with 169 patients (85.7%).